在英語中,Pronouns代名詞是用來替代名詞的詞類,主要分爲人稱代名詞,所有格代名詞和反身代名詞。代名詞可以用來避免重複提到同一個名詞,使語言更加簡潔流暢。
代名詞的功能
- 替代名詞:避免重複。
- 例子:John is a teacher. He loves his job.(John 是一名老師。他喜歡他的工作。)
- 指代人、事物、數量等。
- 表示所有權、疑問或強調等語法功能。
代名詞的分類
1. 人稱代名詞(Personal Pronouns)
- 用來指代特定的人或事物。
- 主格:I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
- 例子:She is my friend.(她是我的朋友。)
- 受格:me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
- 例子:He called me yesterday.(他昨天打電話給我。)
- 所有格:my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
2. 所有格代名詞
- 用來表示所有權。
- 名詞性:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs(獨立使用)
- 例子:This book is mine.(這本書是我的。)
3. 反身代名詞(Reflexive Pronouns)
- 用來指代動作的執行者和接受者是同一個人或物。
- 形式:myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
- 例子:She taught herself to play the piano.(她自學了彈鋼琴。)
主格 | 受格 | 所有格 | 所有格代名詞 | 反身代名詞 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第一人稱單數 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
第二人稱單數 | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
第三人稱單數 | he | him | his | his | himself |
第三人稱單數 | she | her | her | hers | herself |
第三人稱單數 | it | it | its | its | itself |
第一人稱複數 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
第二人稱複數 | you | you | your | yours | yourselves |
第三人稱複數 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
4. 指示代名詞(Demonstrative Pronouns)
- 用來指代特定的人或事物。
- 形式:this, that, these, those
- 例子:This is my car.(這是我的車。)
- Those are expensive.(那些很貴。)
5. 疑問代名詞(Interrogative Pronouns)
- 用於提問。
- 形式:who, whom, whose, what, which
- 例子:
- Who is that?(那是誰?)
- What do you want?(你想要什麼?)
- 例子:
6. 關係代名詞(Relative Pronouns)
- 用來引導從句,修飾先行詞。
- 形式:who, whom, whose, which, that
- 例子:
- The boy who is running is my brother.(正在跑的那個男孩是我弟弟。)
- The book that I borrowed is interesting.(我借的那本書很有趣。)
- 例子:
7. 不定代名詞(Indefinite Pronouns)
- 用來指代不確定的或泛指的人或事物。
- 形式:someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, something, anything, everything, nothing
- 例子:
- Someone is at the door.(有人在門口。)
- I don’t see anything.(我什麼也沒看到。)
- 例子:
8. 相互代名詞(Reciprocal Pronouns)
- 表示互相作用。
- 形式:each other, one another
- 例子:
- They help each other with homework.(他們互相幫助完成作業。)
- 例子:
9. 強調代名詞(Emphatic Pronouns)
- 用來強調某人或某物。
- 形式與反身代詞相同:myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
- 例子:
- I myself cooked this meal.(我自己做了這頓飯。)
- 例子:
10.其他代名詞
each, either, least, less, little, most, neither, next, none, one, other, plenty,some, such, whatever, whichever, whoever
代名詞使用中的注意事項
- 主格和賓格的區分
- 主格:用於主語位置。
- 例子:I like apples.(我喜歡蘋果。)
- 賓格:用於動詞或介系詞的賓語位置。
- 例子:He likes me.(他喜歡我。)
- 主格:用於主語位置。
- 單數和複數
- 單數代名詞:he, she, it
- 複數代名詞:we, they
- 代名詞和先行詞一致
- 代名詞的性別和數量要與它所指代的名詞一致。
- 例子:The cat is hungry. It needs food.(貓餓了,它需要食物。)
- 代名詞的性別和數量要與它所指代的名詞一致。
- 避免重複代名詞
- 避免在同一個句子中多次使用代名詞,可能會造成混淆。
- 壞例子:He said that he would help him.(誰幫誰?)
- 改進:John said that he would help Mark.
- 避免在同一個句子中多次使用代名詞,可能會造成混淆。
CEFR代名詞字彙表
一共有68個:anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, he, her, hers, herself, him, himself, his, I, it, its, itself, least, less, little, me, mine, most, my, myself, neither, next, nobody, none, nothing, one, oneself, other, our, ours, ourselves, plenty, she, some, somebody, someone, something, such, that, their, theirs, them, themselves, these, they, this, us, we, what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose, you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves. (no one)