Verbs動詞是英語中最重要的詞類之一,用來表達動作(例如:run, eat, play)或狀態(例如:be, seem, exist)。在句子中,動詞是必不可少的,它們構成了句子的核心,通常用來描述主語的行為或狀態。
動詞的功能
- 表示動作:動詞描述主語的動作或所做的事情。
- 例子:
- She runs every morning.(她每天早上跑步。)
- They play football on weekends.(他們週末踢足球。)
- 例子:
- 表示狀態:動詞表達主語的存在、狀態或特性。
- 例子:
- He is a teacher.(他是一位老師。)
- The cake smells delicious.(這蛋糕聞起來很香。)
- 例子:
動詞的種類
1. 根據語義分類
- 動作動詞(Action Verbs):
- 描述主語正在進行的動作或活動。
- 例子:
- She writes a letter.(她在寫信。)
- He jumps over the fence.(他跳過了柵欄。)
- 連繫動詞(Linking Verbs):
- 用來連接主語和主語補語,表示狀態而非動作。
- 常見連繫動詞:
- be(是)、seem(似乎)、become(變成)、feel(感覺)、look(看起來)、sound(聽起來)
- 例子:
- She is a doctor.(她是一名醫生。)
- The soup tastes good.(湯的味道很好。)
- 助動詞(Auxiliary Verbs):
- 幫助主要動詞表達時態、語態或語氣。
- 常見助動詞:
- be(用於進行時和被動語態)
- have(用於完成時態)
- do(用於強調或否定句)
- 例子:
- She is writing a book.(她正在寫一本書。)
- They have finished their homework.(他們已經完成了作業。)
- 情態動詞(Modal Verbs):
- 表達可能性、能力、必要性、允許等。
- 常見情態動詞:
- can(能夠)、could(可能)、may(可以)、might(也許)、must(必須)、shall(應該)、will(將會)
- 例子:
- You can do it.(你可以做到。)
- He might come to the party.(他可能會來參加派對。)
2. 根據語法功能分類
- 及物動詞(Transitive Verbs):
- 需要一個賓語來完成其意義。
- 例子:
- She bought a new dress.(她買了一條新裙子。)
- He opened the door.(他打開了門。)
- 不及物動詞(Intransitive Verbs):
- 不需要賓語即可表達完整意義。
- 例子:
- She sleeps early.(她很早睡覺。)
- The baby cries.(嬰兒哭了。)
- 雙賓動詞(Ditransitive Verbs):
- 可以有兩個賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)。
- 例子:
- She gave me a gift.(她送了我一件禮物。)
- He taught us English.(他教我們英語。)
- 不完全及物動詞(Complex Transitive Verbs):
- 除了賓語外,還需要賓語補語來完成意思。
- 例子:
- They elected him president.(他們選舉他為總統。)
- We consider her talented.(我們認為她很有才華。)
動詞的時態
動詞可以根據時間表達不同的時態(Tenses),主要分為以下三大類,每類有四種形式:
- 現在時(Present Tense)
- 一般現在時:She reads books.(她看書。)
- 現在進行時:She is reading a book.(她正在看書。)
- 現在完成時:She has read the book.(她已經看過那本書。)
- 現在完成進行時:She has been reading for two hours.(她已經看書兩個小時了。)
- 過去時(Past Tense)
- 一般過去時:She read a book yesterday.(她昨天看了一本書。)
- 過去進行時:She was reading a book.(她當時正在看書。)
- 過去完成時:She had read the book before dinner.(她在晚飯前看完了那本書。)
- 過去完成進行時:She had been reading for two hours before you arrived.(在你到達之前,她已經看了兩個小時的書。)
- 未來時(Future Tense)
- 一般未來時:She will read a book tomorrow.(她明天會看一本書。)
- 未來進行時:She will be reading a book.(她將會正在看書。)
- 未來完成時:She will have read the book by then.(到那時她將已經看完那本書。)
- 未來完成進行時:She will have been reading for two hours by the time you arrive.(到你到達時,她將已經看了兩個小時的書。)
動詞與句子結構
動詞在句子中決定句子的基本結構,並影響主語和賓語的關係。
- 主語 + 動詞(SV):
- 例子:
- The baby cries.(嬰兒哭了。)
- 例子:
- 主語 + 動詞 + 賓語(SVO):
- 例子:
- She writes a letter.(她在寫信。)
- 例子:
- 主語 + 動詞 + 賓語 + 補語(SVOC):
- 例子:
- We elected him president.(我們選他當總統。)
- 例子:
- 主語 + 動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語(SVOO):
- 例子:
- She gave me a book.(她給了我一本書。)
- 例子:
動詞與其他詞類的區別
- 動詞 vs. 名詞:
- 動詞表動作或狀態,而名詞表事物或概念。
- 例子:
- 動詞:He runs.(他跑步。)
- 名詞:His run was fast.(他的跑步很快。)
- 動詞 vs. 形容詞:
- 動詞表行為或狀態,形容詞修飾名詞。
- 例子:
- 動詞:She looks tired.(她看起來很累。)
- 形容詞:She is a tired girl.(她是一個累壞了的女孩。)
- 動詞 vs. 副詞:
- 動詞表動作或狀態,副詞修飾動詞或形容詞。
- 例子:
- 動詞:She runs.(她跑步。)
- 副詞:She runs quickly.(她跑得很快。)
總結
- 動詞是表達動作或狀態的詞語,是句子的核心部分。
- 動詞可以分為動作動詞、連繫動詞、助動詞、情態動詞等。
- 動詞有豐富的時態變化,能表達不同時間和狀態。
- 動詞的正確使用對於構建清晰有效的句子至關重要。
CEFR動詞字彙表
一共944個單字,一個片語(ought to:應該,應當)
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|
abandon | abolish | absorb | accelerate |
accept | accompany | accomplish | accumulate |
accuse | achieve | acknowledge | acquire |
adapt | add | address | adjust |
admire | admit | adopt | advertise |
advise | affect | agree | aid |
alert | allege | allocate | allow |
alter | alternate | amend | amuse |
analyse | announce | annoy | anticipate |
apologise | appear | applaud | apply |
appoint | appreciate | approach | approve |
argue | arise | arouse | arrange |
arrive | ask | assemble | assert |
assess | assign | assist | associate |
assume | assure | attach | attack |
attain | attend | attract | authorize |
avoid | babysit | bake | bang |
bark | be | beg | begin |
behave | believe | belong | bend |
betray | beware | bind | bleed |
blink | blow | blush | boast |
boil | bomb | boost | borrow |
bother | bounce | break | breathe |
bring | broadcast | broaden | browse |
brush | build | bump | burgle |
burn | burst | bury | buy |
calculate | campaign | cancel | cannot |
capture | carry | carve | cast |
catch | cater | caution | cease |
celebrate | challenge | charge | chase |
cheat | check | cheer | chew |
choose | chop | clap | clarify |
classify | clean | clear | click |
climb | cling | clutch | coincide |
collaborate | collect | combine | come |
commemorate | commence | commit | communicate |
commute | compare | compensate | compete |
compile | complain | complete | complicate |
comply | compose | comprise | compromise |
conceal | concede | conceive | concentrate |
conclude | condemn | conduct | confess |
confine | confirm | confront | confuse |
congratulate | connect | conquer | consider |
constitute | constrain | construct | consult |
consume | contain | contemplate | continue |
contract | contradict | contribute | control |
convert | convey | convict | convince |
cool | cooperate | cope | copy |
correspond | corrupt | could | count |
crack | crave | crawl | create |
criticize | crumble | cultivate | curb |
damage | date | daydream | dazzle |
deceive | decide | declare | decline |
decorate | deduce | deem | deepen |
defend | define | defy | delay |
delete | deliver | demolish | demonstrate |
deny | depart | depict | deprive |
descend | describe | deserve | design |
desire | destroy | detect | deteriorate |
determine | develop | devise | diagnose |
dial | dice | dictate | die |
differ | differentiate | dig | digest |
dim | diminish | dip | direct |
disagree | disappear | disappoint | disapprove |
disclose | discourage | discover | discriminate |
discuss | dislike | dismiss | displace |
disqualify | disrupt | dissolve | distinguish |
distort | distract | distribute | disturb |
divert | divide | do | dominate |
donate | double | drag | draw |
dread | drift | drown | dry |
earn | eat | edit | educate |
elapse | elect | eliminate | embarrass |
embody | emerge | emit | emphasize |
employ | enable | enclose | encounter |
encourage | end | endorse | endure |
enforce | engage | enhance | enjoy |
enquire | enrich | ensure | enter |
entertain | entitle | envisage | envision |
equate | equip | eradicate | erode |
erupt | establish | evaluate | evolve |
exaggerate | examine | exceed | excel |
exclaim | exclude | execute | exemplify |
exercise | exhaust | exist | expand |
expect | expire | explain | explode |
exploit | explore | expose | express |
extend | extract | facilitate | fade |
fail | faint | fall | fancy |
fascinate | fasten | fax | feed |
feel | fetch | fill | find |
finish | fire | fit | fix |
flatten | flee | float | flourish |
fluctuate | fold | follow | forbid |
force | foresee | forget | forgive |
formulate | found | free | freeze |
frighten | fry | further | gather |
generalize | generate | get | giggle |
give | glare | go | |
govern | grab | grant | grasp |
greet | grin | group | grow |
guarantee | guard | handle | hang |
happen | hate | haul | haunt |
have | heal | hear | hesitate |
hide | highlight | hinder | hire |
hit | hitchhike | hop | hum |
hunt | hurry | hurt | identify |
ignore | illustrate | imagine | imitate |
implement | imply | impose | impress |
imprison | improve | include | incorporate |
incur | indicate | indulge | infect |
infer | inform | inhabit | inherit |
initiate | injure | inquire | insert |
insist | inspect | inspire | install |
instruct | integrate | intend | intensify |
interact | interfere | interpret | interrupt |
intervene | introduce | intrude | invade |
invent | invest | investigate | invite |
involve | irritate | itch | jog |
join | judge | juggle | justify |
keep | kill | kneel | knit |
knock | know | lack | lead |
learn | leave | lend | lengthen |
lessen | let | lick | linger |
listen | live | loathe | lobby |
locate | lock | loom | loosen |
lose | lower | maintain | make |
manage | manufacture | marry | maximize |
mean | meet | melt | mend |
merge | might | mingle | minimize |
misbehave | misinform | misinterpret | mislead |
misplace | miss | misunderstand | mix |
moan | moderate | modify | monitor |
motivate | mount | mumble | must |
mutter | negotiate | nod | nominate |
note | notify | obey | object |
oblige | observe | obtain | occupy |
occur | offend | offset | omit |
open | operate | oppose | opt |
organize | outnumber | outweigh | overcome |
overdo | overestimate | overflow | overhear |
overlap | overload | overlook | overtake |
overwhelm | owe | own | paint |
participate | pat | pause | peel |
perceive | perform | permit | persist |
persuade | pick | pin | pinpoint |
plan | plant | plead | please |
plunge | pollute | ponder | portray |
pose | possess | postpone | pour |
practise | praise | pray | precede |
predict | prefer | prepare | prescribe |
present | preserve | press | presume |
pretend | prevail | prevent | |
privatize | proceed | produce | prohibit |
prolong | promote | pronounce | propose |
prosecute | prosper | protect | prove |
provide | provoke | publish | pull |
punish | pursue | push | put |
qualify | queue | quit | raise |
reach | react | read | readjust |
realize | rear | rearrange | reassure |
rebuild | recall | receive | recharge |
reckon | recognize | recollect | recommend |
reconcile | reconsider | reconstruct | recover |
recreate | rectify | recur | recycle |
redevelop | redistribute | reduce | refine |
reflect | refrain | refresh | refuse |
regain | register | regret | regulate |
rehearse | reign | reinforce | reject |
relate | relax | release | relieve |
relocate | remain | remember | remind |
remove | render | renew | renovate |
rent | reorganize | repair | repay |
repeat | replace | report | represent |
reproduce | require | research | resemble |
resent | resign | resist | respond |
rest | restart | restore | restrain |
restrict | restructure | resume | retain |
rethink | retire | retreat | retrieve |
return | reveal | revise | revive |
revolt | reward | rewrite | rip |
rise | risk | roast | rob |
rot | rub | run | sacrifice |
sadden | sail | satisfy | save |
say | scare | scrap | scratch |
seduce | see | seek | seize |
select | sell | send | separate |
serve | settle | sew | shake |
shall | share | sharpen | shave |
shift | shine | shiver | shoot |
shorten | should | shrink | shrug |
shudder | shut | simplify | sing |
sit | skip | slam | slap |
slip | slow | smash | smoke |
smuggle | snap | snatch | sneeze |
sniff | snore | soak | soar |
sob | socialize | solve | sort |
sow | spare | speak | specialize |
specify | speculate | spell | spend |
spill | spin | spit | splash |
split | spoil | spray | spread |
sprinkle | spur | squander | squash |
squeak | squeeze | stab | stagger |
stain | stand | stare | start |
starve | state | steal | steer |
stick | stimulate | stir | stop |
store | strengthen | strike | strive |
study | stumble | submit | substitute |
succeed | succumb | suck | sue |
suffer | suggest | summarize | summon |
sunbathe | supervise | supply | suppose |
suppress | surf | surpass | surrender |
surround | survive | suspend | sustain |
swallow | swap | swear | sweep |
swing | switch | sympathize | tackle |
take | teach | tear | tease |
telephone | tell | terrify | testify |
thank | think | threaten | thrive |
throw | tidy | tighten | time |
tire | tolerate | torture | total |
trace | transfer | transform | translate |
transmit | tread | treat | tremble |
trigger | trip | try | turn |
twist | uncover | underestimate | undergo |
underline | undermine | understand | undertake |
undo | undress | unfold | unite |
unload | unlock | unpack | untie |
unwind | upgrade | uphold | upload |
upset | utter | vaccinate | vanish |
vary | verify | violate | visit |
volunteer | vomit | wake | wander |
want | warm | warn | wash |
waste | water | weaken | wear |
weep | weigh | whisper | widen |
wield | wink | wipe | withdraw |
withstand | wonder | worsen | would |
wrap | write | yawn | yield |